Single-celled organism that is too small to see with the naked eye
Oldest living organism on Earth due to their ability to withstand extreme weather conditions and radiation
We need microbes to survive but they don’t need us as hosts
Examples: without, we wouldn’t be able to digest food, plants wouldn’t grow, garbage wouldn’t decay, less oxygen in the world
Small number of microbes that actually cause disease, gives a bad rap for all others
Examples: ebola, e-coli, swine flu virus
Bacterium or virus
What is microbiology? ·The study of microbes and their interactions with humans, animals, plants and the environment ·There are so many fields involved in microbiology that many people are called ·upon to get a sufficient understanding of the field
Did you know? v Everyday roles § Some think that we should wipe out all microbial bugs and grems. § Some microbes cause health problems like strep throat, chicken pox, and common cold. § Because of some microbes that cause dieses people think that all microbes are bad. § People don’t hear about all of the good stuff that microbes help us with. v How do they do that? Ø Hot! Hot! Hot! But how? § Thermophiles have certain proteins that can stand the heat of 284°F (140°C) Ø Beat that cold § Although some microbes live in really really hot weather trhere are some that live in really cold water in the arctic. § Because of the cold microbes are really slow. § psychrophiles <sigh-crow-files> means someone who is studying how microbes move in the cold. § Microbes have special enzymes and proteins that keep them warm. Ø Survive radiation § Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacteria that can survive a blast of radiation. § Radiation is measured in units called rads. § Some bacteria form protective spores to survive through drought, heat and radiation. § If something gets struck by high doses of radiation causes the large DNA molecule in each cell to fall apart. Ø Repair DNA § Use techniques to keep their DNA from falling apart under intense heat. § Have small membranes. Ø Microbial Spore Formation § Spores have a hard protective coating that protects the bacteria. § Bacteria turn themselves into spores.
Different Microbes
Fungi- They vary in size, some are yeast (3-4 micrometers) and the largest one a mushroom that is 3.5 miles wide. Visible fungi such as mushrooms are multicellular entities, but their cells are closely connected in a way unlike that of other multicellular organisms.The dividers between fungal cells, however, often have openings that allow proteins, fluids and even nuclei to flow from one cell to another.
Protista- Eukaryotic creatures which are prokaryotic, unlike bacteria, and have no nucleus to enclose their DNA. They’re not plants, animals or fungi, but they act like them, and scientists believe protists steered us in the direction of evolution for early plants, animals, and fungi. Protists fall into four general subgroups: unicellular algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds.
Bacteria- Many bacteria not only coexist with us all the time, but help us do a lot of useful things like make vitamins, break down some garbage, and even maintain our atmosphere.Bacteria consist of only a single cell. Bacteria have been found that can live in temperatures above the boiling point and in cold that would freeze your blood. They eat everything from sugar and starch to sunlight, sulfur and iron. There's even a species of bacteria that can withstand blasts of radiation 1,000 times greater than would kill a human being. Bacteria fall into a category of life called the Prokaryotes Prokaryotes' genetic material, or DNA, is not enclosed in a cellular compartment called the nucleus.
Bacteria and archaea are the only prokaryotes. All other life forms are Eukaryotes creatures whose cells have nuclei.Bacteria are among the earliest forms of life that appeared on Earth billions of years ago. Scientists think that they helped shape and change the young planet's environment, eventually creating atmospheric oxygen that enabled other, more complex life forms to develop. Many believe that more complex cells developed as once free-living bacteria took up residence in other cells, eventually becoming the organelles in modern complex cells. The mitochondria that make energy for your body cells is one example of such an organelle.
Archaea-There are three main types of archaea: the crenarchaeota which are ordered by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity. The euryarchaeota which include methane-producers and salt-lovers; and the korarchaeota a catch-all group for archaeans about which very little is known. Among these three main types of archaea are some subtypes, which include: Methanogens- archaeans that produce methane gas as a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy. Halophiles-those archaeans that live in salty environments. Thermophiles-the archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures. Psychrophiles-those that live at unusually cold temperatures. Archaea look and act a lot like bacteria. So much so that until the late 1970s, scientists assumed they were a kind of “weird” bacteria.
microbiologists
research helps the food we eat not make us sick and our drinking water clean. Find people who have new diesaes and try to cures and ingedance in food, and other helpful things. they also try to make medicine for it. They work in hospital labs and try to find the germ that is making you sick so your doctor can prescribe the right treatment for you. They also find ways the help drug makers make new medicines. They explore in caves, oceans, deserts and also in Antarctica to find out how microbes affect how our planet works. Microbiologists also work in the food industry, water treatment, agriculture, pollution control, biotechnology, energy development, museum preservation and a bunch of other things. Microbiologists also work in government agencies. There are different types of microbiologists: Bacteriologists, Virologists, Mycologists, Protozoologists, Epidemiologists, Immunologists.
Microbiologists usually research in one area: Some focus on bacteria and how they help us or not these people are called bacteriologists. Some of them work in viruses and how the viruses infect cells they are called virologists. Some study fungi and are called mycologists. Some microbiologists find outbreaks of diseases and try to learn what caused them and if it is a deadly microbe. They are called epidemiologists. But there are many other types of microbiologists who do different things. Microbiologists work with microscopes: light, electron. Culture equipment: Petri plates, flasks, culture media, pippetes and swabs. Genetic tools and techniques: PCR, genes and genome sequencing, 16S rNA and microarrays.
History of Microbiology
In 1875, Ferdinand J. Cohn published an early classification of bacteria using the name Bacillus for the first time.
In 1876, Robert Koch published a paper about his study of anthrax, in which he says that a bacterium is the cause of this disease, which confirms the germ theory of disease.
In 1878. Joseph Lister discovered the cause of milk souring using the first method made for isolating a pure culture of bacterium, which he names Bacterium lactis.
In 1880, Louise Pasteur developed a method of weakening a virulent pathogen the agent of chicken cholera, so it would immunize and not cause disease, which was a significant breakthrough for creating protection against disease.
In 1881, Robert Koch created a method used to isolate pure cultures of bacteria from colonies using a gel mixture on a flat glass plate.
In 1889, Martinus Beijerinck used enrichment culture, minus nitrogenous compounds, to get a pure culture of the root nodule bacterium Rhizobium, showing that enrichment culture creates the conditions for optimal growth growth of a desired bacterium.
In 1890, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered diphtheria antitoxin serum, the first rational approach to the therapy for infectious diseases.
Also in 1890, Sergei Winogradsky succeeds in isolating nitrifying bacteria from soil.
In 1891, Paul Ehrlich claims that antibodies are responsible for immunity, and shows that antibodies form against the plant toxins ricin and abrin.
In 1892, Dmitri Ivanowski discovered the first evidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, which is a virus called the tobacco mosaic disease.
In 1893, Theobald Smith and F.L. Kilbourbe discovered that ticks carry Basesiea microti, which causes babesiosis in both humans and animals.
In 1911, Francis Peyton Rous discovered a virus that can cause cancer in chickens.
In 1912, Paul Ehrlich discovered an effective cure for syphilis, the first specific chemotherapeutic agent for a bacterial disease.
In 1915, Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herrelle made the first discovery of bacteriophages, or bacteria-infecting viruses.
In 1926, Albert Jan Kluyver and Hendrick Jean Louis Donker propose a universal model for metabolic events in cells based on a transfer oh hydrogen atoms.
In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered transformation in bacteria ans established the foundation of molecular genetics.
In 1929, Alexander Fleming published the first paper describing penicillin an dit's effect on gram-positive microorganisms.
In 1931, C. B. van Neil shows that photosynthetic bacteria use reduced compounds as electron donors without producing oxygen.
In 1935, Gerhard J. Domagk used a chemically synthesized anti-metabolite, Prontosil, to kill Streptococcus in mice.
Also in 1935, Wendell Stanley crystallized tobacco mosaic virus and shows that it remains infectious.
In 1941, George Beadle and Edward Tatum conducted experiments using the fungus Neurospora crassa to establish that particular genes are expressed through the action of correspondingly specific enzymes.
In 1943, Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck provided a statistical demonstration that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian principles.
In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA is the transforming material in cells.
Also in 1944, Albert Schatz, E. Bugie and Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin, soon to be used against tuberculosis, has the same specific antibiotic effect against gram-negative microorganisms as penicillin does on gram-positive ones.
In 1946Joshua Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum publish the first paper on a type of bacterial mating called conjugation.
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase suggested that only DNA is needed for viral replication.
In 1953, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, and James Watson, describe the double-helix structure of DNA.
In 1959, Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory, in which a molecular process is coupled to the transport of protons across a biological membrane.
In 1960, Francois Jacob, David Perrin, Carmen Sanchez and Jacques Monod propose the operon concept for control of bacteria gene action.
In 1961, Marshall Nirenberg and J.H. Matthaei observed that a synthetic polynucleotide, poly U, directs the synthesis of a polypeptide composed only of phenylalanine.
Also in 1961, Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson used phage-infected bacteria to show that ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and confirm the existence of messenger RNA.
In 1964, Charles Yanofsky and coworkers defined the relationship between the order of mutatable sites in the gene coding for the Escherichia coli enzyme tryptophan synthetase and the corresponding amino acid replacements in the enzyme.
In 1970, Howard Temin and David Baltimore discovered the enzyme reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses.
In 1973, Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang, Robert Helling and Herbert Boyer showed that extrachromosomal bits of DNA called plasmids act as vectors for maintaining cloned genes in bacteria.
In 1975, Georg Kohler and Cesar Milstein physically fused mouse lymphocytes with neoplastic mouse plasma cells to yield hybrid cells called hybridomas that can produce specific antibodies and survive indefinitely in tissue culture.
In 1977, Carl Woese used ribosomal RNA analysis to recognize a third form of life, the Archaea, whose genetic makeup is distinct from but related to both Bacteria and Eucarya. In 1979, Smallpox was declared officially annihilated. In 1982, Stanley Prusiner found evidence that disease can be caused by a class of infectious proteins he calls prions. In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo discovered the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. In 1986, Kary Mullis used a heat stable enzyme from Thermus aquaticus to create polymerase chain reaction technology. In 1995, Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, Claire Fraser and others at TIGR explained the first complete genome sequence of a microorganism: Haemophilus influenza.
What is a microbe?
What is microbiology?
· The study of microbes and their interactions with humans, animals, plants and the environment
· There are so many fields involved in microbiology that many people are called
· upon to get a sufficient understanding of the field
Did you know?
v Everyday roles
§ Some think that we should wipe out all microbial bugs and grems.
§ Some microbes cause health problems like strep throat, chicken pox, and common cold.
§ Because of some microbes that cause dieses people think that all microbes are bad.
§ People don’t hear about all of the good stuff that microbes help us with.
v How do they do that?
Ø Hot! Hot! Hot! But how?
§ Thermophiles have certain proteins that can stand the heat of 284°F (140°C)
Ø Beat that cold
§ Although some microbes live in really really hot weather trhere are some that live in really cold water in the arctic.
§ Because of the cold microbes are really slow.
§ psychrophiles <sigh-crow-files> means someone who is studying how microbes move in the cold.
§ Microbes have special enzymes and proteins that keep them warm.
Ø Survive radiation
§ Deinococcus radiodurans is a bacteria that can survive a blast of radiation.
§ Radiation is measured in units called rads.
§ Some bacteria form protective spores to survive through drought, heat and radiation.
§ If something gets struck by high doses of radiation causes the large DNA molecule in each cell to fall apart.
Ø Repair DNA
§ Use techniques to keep their DNA from falling apart under intense heat.
§ Have small membranes.
Ø Microbial Spore Formation
§ Spores have a hard protective coating that protects the bacteria.
§ Bacteria turn themselves into spores.
Different Microbes
Fungi- They vary in size, some are yeast (3-4 micrometers) and the largest one a mushroom that is 3.5 miles wide. Visible fungi such as mushrooms are multicellular entities, but their cells are closely connected in a way unlike that of other multicellular organisms. The dividers between fungal cells, however, often have openings that allow proteins, fluids and even nuclei to flow from one cell to another.
Protista- Eukaryotic creatures which are prokaryotic, unlike bacteria, and have no nucleus to enclose their DNA. They’re not plants, animals or fungi, but they act like them, and scientists believe protists steered us in the direction of evolution for early plants, animals, and fungi. Protists fall into four general subgroups: unicellular algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds.
Bacteria- Many bacteria not only coexist with us all the time, but help us do a lot of useful things like make vitamins, break down some garbage, and even maintain our atmosphere. Bacteria consist of only a single cell. Bacteria have been found that can live in temperatures above the boiling point and in cold that would freeze your blood. They eat everything from sugar and starch to sunlight, sulfur and iron. There's even a species of bacteria that can withstand blasts of radiation 1,000 times greater than would kill a human being. Bacteria fall into a category of life called the Prokaryotes Prokaryotes' genetic material, or DNA, is not enclosed in a cellular compartment called the nucleus.
Bacteria and archaea are the only prokaryotes. All other life forms are Eukaryotes creatures whose cells have nuclei. Bacteria are among the earliest forms of life that appeared on Earth billions of years ago. Scientists think that they helped shape and change the young planet's environment, eventually creating atmospheric oxygen that enabled other, more complex life forms to develop. Many believe that more complex cells developed as once free-living bacteria took up residence in other cells, eventually becoming the organelles in modern complex cells. The mitochondria that make energy for your body cells is one example of such an organelle.
Archaea-There are three main types of archaea: the crenarchaeota which are ordered by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity. The euryarchaeota which include methane-producers and salt-lovers; and the korarchaeota a catch-all group for archaeans about which very little is known. Among these three main types of archaea are some subtypes, which include: Methanogens- archaeans that produce methane gas as a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy.
Halophiles- those archaeans that live in salty environments. Thermophiles- the archaeans that live at extremely hot temperatures. Psychrophiles- those that live at unusually cold temperatures. Archaea look and act a lot like bacteria. So much so that until the late 1970s, scientists assumed they were a kind of “weird” bacteria.
microbiologists
research helps the food we eat not make us sick and our drinking water clean. Find people who have new diesaes and try to cures and ingedance in food, and other helpful things. they also try to make medicine for it. They work in hospital labs and try to find the germ that is making you sick so your doctor can prescribe the right treatment for you. They also find ways the help drug makers make new medicines. They explore in caves, oceans, deserts and also in Antarctica to find out how microbes affect how our planet works. Microbiologists also work in the food industry, water treatment, agriculture, pollution control, biotechnology, energy development, museum preservation and a bunch of other things. Microbiologists also work in government agencies. There are different types of microbiologists: Bacteriologists, Virologists, Mycologists, Protozoologists, Epidemiologists, Immunologists.
Microbiologists usually research in one area: Some focus on bacteria and how they help us or not these people are called bacteriologists. Some of them work in viruses and how the viruses infect cells they are called virologists. Some study fungi and are called mycologists. Some microbiologists find outbreaks of diseases and try to learn what caused them and if it is a deadly microbe. They are called epidemiologists. But there are many other types of microbiologists who do different things. Microbiologists work with microscopes: light, electron. Culture equipment: Petri plates, flasks, culture media, pippetes and swabs. Genetic tools and techniques: PCR, genes and genome sequencing, 16S rNA and microarrays.
History of Microbiology
In 1875, Ferdinand J. Cohn published an early classification of bacteria using the name Bacillus for the first time.
In 1876, Robert Koch published a paper about his study of anthrax, in which he says that a bacterium is the cause of this disease, which confirms the germ theory of disease.
In 1878. Joseph Lister discovered the cause of milk souring using the first method made for isolating a pure culture of bacterium, which he names Bacterium lactis.
In 1880, Louise Pasteur developed a method of weakening a virulent pathogen the agent of chicken cholera, so it would immunize and not cause disease, which was a significant breakthrough for creating protection against disease.
In 1881, Robert Koch created a method used to isolate pure cultures of bacteria from colonies using a gel mixture on a flat glass plate.
In 1889, Martinus Beijerinck used enrichment culture, minus nitrogenous compounds, to get a pure culture of the root nodule bacterium Rhizobium, showing that enrichment culture creates the conditions for optimal growth growth of a desired bacterium.
In 1890, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato discovered diphtheria antitoxin serum, the first rational approach to the therapy for infectious diseases.
Also in 1890, Sergei Winogradsky succeeds in isolating nitrifying bacteria from soil.
In 1891, Paul Ehrlich claims that antibodies are responsible for immunity, and shows that antibodies form against the plant toxins ricin and abrin.
In 1892, Dmitri Ivanowski discovered the first evidence of the filterability of a pathogenic agent, which is a virus called the tobacco mosaic disease.
In 1893, Theobald Smith and F.L. Kilbourbe discovered that ticks carry Basesiea microti, which causes babesiosis in both humans and animals.
In 1911, Francis Peyton Rous discovered a virus that can cause cancer in chickens.
In 1912, Paul Ehrlich discovered an effective cure for syphilis, the first specific chemotherapeutic agent for a bacterial disease.
In 1915, Frederick Twort and Felix d'Herrelle made the first discovery of bacteriophages, or bacteria-infecting viruses.
In 1926, Albert Jan Kluyver and Hendrick Jean Louis Donker propose a universal model for metabolic events in cells based on a transfer oh hydrogen atoms.
In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered transformation in bacteria ans established the foundation of molecular genetics.
In 1929, Alexander Fleming published the first paper describing penicillin an dit's effect on gram-positive microorganisms.
In 1931, C. B. van Neil shows that photosynthetic bacteria use reduced compounds as electron donors without producing oxygen.
In 1935, Gerhard J. Domagk used a chemically synthesized anti-metabolite, Prontosil, to kill Streptococcus in mice.
Also in 1935, Wendell Stanley crystallized tobacco mosaic virus and shows that it remains infectious.
In 1941, George Beadle and Edward Tatum conducted experiments using the fungus Neurospora crassa to establish that particular genes are expressed through the action of correspondingly specific enzymes.
In 1943, Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck provided a statistical demonstration that inheritance in bacteria follows Darwinian principles.
In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA is the transforming material in cells.
Also in 1944, Albert Schatz, E. Bugie and Selman Waksman discovered streptomycin, soon to be used against tuberculosis, has the same specific antibiotic effect against gram-negative microorganisms as penicillin does on gram-positive ones.
In 1946Joshua Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum publish the first paper on a type of bacterial mating called conjugation.
In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase suggested that only DNA is needed for viral replication.
In 1953, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, and James Watson, describe the double-helix structure of DNA.
In 1959, Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory, in which a molecular process is coupled to the transport of protons across a biological membrane.
In 1960, Francois Jacob, David Perrin, Carmen Sanchez and Jacques Monod propose the operon concept for control of bacteria gene action.
In 1961, Marshall Nirenberg and J.H. Matthaei observed that a synthetic polynucleotide, poly U, directs the synthesis of a polypeptide composed only of phenylalanine.
Also in 1961, Sydney Brenner, Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson used phage-infected bacteria to show that ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis and confirm the existence of messenger RNA.
In 1964, Charles Yanofsky and coworkers defined the relationship between the order of mutatable sites in the gene coding for the Escherichia coli enzyme tryptophan synthetase and the corresponding amino acid replacements in the enzyme.
In 1970, Howard Temin and David Baltimore discovered the enzyme reverse transcriptase in RNA viruses.
In 1973, Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang, Robert Helling and Herbert Boyer showed that extrachromosomal bits of DNA called plasmids act as vectors for maintaining cloned genes in bacteria.
In 1975, Georg Kohler and Cesar Milstein physically fused mouse lymphocytes with neoplastic mouse plasma cells to yield hybrid cells called hybridomas that can produce specific antibodies and survive indefinitely in tissue culture.
In 1977, Carl Woese used ribosomal RNA analysis to recognize a third form of life, the Archaea, whose genetic makeup is distinct from but related to both Bacteria and Eucarya.
In 1979, Smallpox was declared officially annihilated.
In 1982, Stanley Prusiner found evidence that disease can be caused by a class of infectious proteins he calls prions.
In 1983, Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo discovered the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS.
In 1986, Kary Mullis used a heat stable enzyme from Thermus aquaticus to create polymerase chain reaction technology.
In 1995, Craig Venter, Hamilton Smith, Claire Fraser and others at TIGR explained the first complete genome sequence of a microorganism: Haemophilus influenza.